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Views: 4 Author: Wang Publish Time: 2024-11-14 Origin: Site
Monel 400 is a nickel-copper alloy with excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of media. Alloy 400 is characterized by good general corrosion resistance, good weldability and moderate to high strength. The alloy has been used in a variety of applications. It has excellent resistance to rapidly flowing brackish water or seawater. It is particularly resistant to hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids when they are de-aerated. The alloy is slightly magnetic at room temperature.
Alloy 400 is a solid solution alloy that can only be hardened by cold working, but can be hot worked or cold worked followed by annealing into complex fabrications and welding with an appropriate welding process. Petroleum distillation tower internals, fasteners and fittings, pumps and valve internals have employed the alloy for over 100 years since its introduction to the market in 1905. Monel 400 is employed for process vessels, heat exchanger piping, and storage tanks of gasoline and potable water in the marine sector. The spark free nature of the alloy lends itself to high risk situations in the explosives industry, rocketry and the pulp and paper industry. The high mechanical properties, ductility and resistance to atmospheric corrosion lend the alloy to feature as rivets in the construction of aluminium skinned aircraft and aluminium ladders.
This nickel alloy is particularly resistant to hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids when they are de-aerated. As would be expected from its high copper content, alloy 400 is rapidly attacked by nitric acid and ammonia systems. Monel 400 has great mechanical properties at subzero temperatures, can be used in temperatures up to 1000° F, and its melting point is 2370-2460° F. However, alloy 400 is low in strength in the annealed condition so, a variety of tempers may be used to increase the strength.
There are multiple variations of Monel alloys, starting with Monel 400, which contains at least 63% nickel, between 29% and 34% copper, between 2% and 2.5% iron, and between 1.5% and 2% manganese. Monel 405 adds no more than 0.5% silicon, and Monel K-500 adds between 2.3% and 3.15% aluminum and between 0.35% and 0.85% titanium. These and other variations all are valued for their resistance to attack by acids and alkalis, as well as for their high mechanical strength and good ductility.
Alloy 400 (UNS N04400) is available in Bar (Round), Tube, Flat Bar, Wire, Billet, Sheet, Plate, Pipe, Forgings. View Stock List, Plate Stock List or contact us for further availability.
Bar | ASTM B 164, DIN 17752, AMS 4675 |
Sheet | ASTM B 127, BS3072NA13, AM S 4544, DIN 17750 |
Plate | ASTM B 127, BS3072NA13, AMS 4544, DIN 17750 |
Strip | BS3073NA13, ASTM B127, AMS 4544, DIN 17750 |
Pipe | ASTM B 185 |
Tube | ASTM B165, AMS 4574, AMS 4575 |
Forging | ASTM B564, DIN 17752, AMS 4675 |
Other | W.Nr 2.4360, UNS N04400, NACE MR-01-75, Wire AMS 4730 Monel 400 (tradename), ISO 15156 |
Product Form | Condition | Tensile (ksi) | .2% Yield (ksi) | Elongation (%) | Hardness (HRB) |
Rod & Bar | Annealed | 75-90 | 25-50 | 60-35 | 60-80 |
Rod & Bar | Cold-Drawn Stress Relieved | 84-120 | 55-100 | 40-22 | 85-20 HRC |
Plate | Annealed | 70-85 | 28-50 | 50-35 | 60-76 |
Sheet | Annealed | 70-85 | 30-45 | 45-35 | 65-80 |
Tube & Pipe Seamless | Annealed | 70-85 | 25-45 | 50-35 | 75 max * |
Monel 400 is generally more corrosion resistant that both of the major constituents nickel and copper. It is highly resistant to chlorinated solvents, glass etching agents, sulphuric, hydrofluoric and many other acids, and practically all alkalies. The alloy gives excellent service in sea water under high velocity conditions, where resistance to cavitation and erosion are important. Corrosion rates in strongly agitated and aerated sea water are extremely low. It is generally free from chloride stress corrosion cracking, but only annealed material resists stress cracking in the presence of mercury or mercury salts, and in moist, aerated hydrofluoric acid vapour.
AS1210 & ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code pre-qualify Monel 400 for use in pressure vessels up to about 475°C.
Monel 400 can be readily hot worked, with lower forces than many steels. Alloy 400 can easily be welded by gas-tungsten arc, gas metal arc or shielded metal arc processes using appropriate filler metals. The alloy can easily be cold formed, There is no need for post weld heat treatment, however, thorough cleaning after welding is critical for optimum corrosion resistance, otherwise there is the risk of contamination and embrittlement. Finished fabrications can be produced to a wide range of mechanical properties when proper control of the amount of hot or cold working and the selection of appropriate thermal treatments is done.
Monel 400 is easy to machine (class B). Sharp tools, slow speeds and deep uninterrupted cuts to remove the work hardened layer are needed. Monel R-405 is a free cutting version of Monel 400, for rapid production in automatic screw machines. Toughness, strength and corrosion resistance are very similar to Monel 400.
Monel 400 is readily welded by GMAW (MIG), GTAW (TIG), SMAW (manual) and SAW processes. Preheat, post heat and post weld heat treatment are not required. The area around the weld must be clean to prevent contamination of the weld pool. Argon shielding gas is used.
Monel 400 is annealed at 870–980°C, cooling rate not critical. Grain growth is rapid in this alloy, so use the lower end of the temperature range and minimal time to retain good strength. Stress relief, if required, is at 540-570°C. Stress equalising cold worked material at 300°C markedly increases the proof stress, without affecting other properties.
Marine Applications: Due to its corrosion resistance, Monel 400 is widely used in marine environments for components such as pumps, valves, and shafts in seawater applications.
Chemical Processing: Chemical industries manufacture equipment that handles corrosive materials such as reactors, heat exchangers, and pipes.
Oil and Gas Industry: Monel 400 products is used in oil and gas industries, especially in offshore drilling and production and for sour gas service.
Aerospace: Monel 400 is used for various components in the aerospace sector, including aircraft engine parts and other applications that require high strength and corrosion resistance.
Food Processing: The alloy is also suitable for food processing equipment due to its hygienic properties and resistance to corrosion from food acids.
