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Views: 2 Author: Wang Publish Time: 2024-07-10 Origin: Site
Stainless steel is a steel alloy that contains at least 10% chromium, making it corrosion resistant. The addition of chromium to stainless steel creates a thin film of metal oxide over the metal's surface that protects against corrosive materials. Stainless steel 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing grade, second in importance to 304 amongst the austenitic stainless steels. The molybdenum gives 316 better overall corrosion resistant properties than Grade 304, particularly higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. It is readily brake or roll formed into a variety of parts for applications in the industrial, architectural, and transportation fields. Grade 316 also has outstanding welding characteristics. Post-weld annealing is not required when welding thin sections.
A popular grade of stainless steel is stainless steel 316 is generally composed of 16 to 18% chromium, 10 to 14% nickel, 2 to 3% molybdenum, and a small percentage of carbon. Stainless steel 316 contains an addition of molybdenum that gives it improved corrosion resistance. This is particularly apparent for pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. The addition of other alloys further enhances its properties. The properties and characteristics of stainless steel 316 make it the second-most widely used stainless steel grade after stainless steel 304. It is used in corrosive environments such as chemical plants, refineries, and marine equipment.
Stainless steel 316 is a member of the 18/8 chromium nickel family of austenitic stainless steels, with an addition of 2% molybdenum for improved corrosion resistance, particularly to localised corrosion in chloride containing environments. The very tough and ductile austenitic structure gives grade 316 excellent formability and fabrication characteristics. In most applications the steel is used where its corrosion resistance gives long lasting service life and appearance. The ease of cleaning and of maintaining a hygienic surface on the steel make it excellent for many purposes.
316 flange processing
316 flange PMI detection
316 flange export packaging
316 stainless steel typically contains 16 to 18% chromium, 10 to 14 percent nickel, and 2 to 3 percent molybdenum in its chemical makeup. 316 stainless steel's composition is detailed in Table below:
Grade | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N | |
316 | Min | - | - | - | 0 | - | 16.0 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - |
Max | 0.08 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 14.0 | 0.10 |
316 stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance in many environments. It gives good service in atmospheric conditions, resisting most environments and is often used in marine conditions, or where industrial pollution is heavy. Best appearance is maintained where the design allows even rain washing of the surface, or where dirt deposits are occasionally washed off the steel.
Grade 316 also has given excellent service in potable water. Pitting and crevice corrosion may occur in waters with higher chloride content, and 2000 ppm is accepted as the upper limit. The higher molybdenum content of 316 make it significantly more corrosion resistant than grade 304. 316 stainless steel can be used with seawater, provided precautions are taken to avoid crevice corrosion developing under sediments, precipitation and biofouling, and at designed-in crevices.
The generally accepted maximum service temperatures for Stainless steel 316 (and grade 304) in air are 870°C for intermittent service and 925°C for continuous service.
Stainless steel 316 is readily workable, by the standard methods of sheet metal working, with the exception that it cannot be oxygen cut. Plasma cutting is normal. The deep drawing capability of grade 316 is outstanding, because of its high austenite stability.
Stainless steel 316 is one of the easier austenitic stainless steels to forge, at temperatures above 925°C.
Stainless steel 316 is relatively easy to machine, although more difficult than carbon steel. More power is required to machine grade 316. Cutting speed should be lower, the feed higher, tooling and equipment heavier. The machinability of 316 is about 60% that of AISI B1112 resulphurised free cutting carbon steel. A free machining version of 316 is available as bar.
Solution annealing is performed at 1065 - 1120°C, followed by rapid cooling to prevent the precipitation of the chromium carbides. Stainless steel 316 cannot be hardened by heat treatment. Stress relieving is rarely required due to the high ductility of 316.
Stainless steel 316 stainless steel is readily weldable by most fusion techniques (GTAW / TIG, GMAW / MIG / MAG, MMAW / stick, SAW), with no preheat, postheat or control of interpass temperature needed. It is usually welded with filler metals of the same grade, 316 or 316L (or the silicon containing versions) which retains corrosion resistance and strength. These grades are pre-qualified weld metals to AS1554.6:1994 for welding grade 316 to itself.
