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Views: 3 Author: Rachel Publish Time: 2024-07-19 Origin: Site
Monel 400 is a nickel-copper alloy (about 67% Ni – 23% Cu) that is resistant to sea water and steam at high temperatures as well as to salt and caustic solutions. Alloy 400 is a solid solution alloy that can only be hardened by cold working. This nickel alloy exhibits characteristics like good corrosion resistance, good weldability and high strength. A low corrosion rate in rapidly flowing brackish or seawater combined with excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in most freshwaters, and its resistance to a variety of corrosive conditions led to its wide use in marine applications and other non-oxidizing chloride solutions.
This nickel alloy is particularly resistant to hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids when they are de-aerated. As would be expected from its high copper content, alloy 400 is rapidly attacked by nitric acid and ammonia systems. Monel 400 has great mechanical properties at subzero temperatures, can be used in temperatures up to 1000° F, and its melting point is 2370-2460° F. However, alloy 400 is low in strength in the annealed condition so, a variety of tempers may be used to increase the strength.
Monel 400 is a Nickel-Copper alloy, resistant to sea water and steam at high temperatures as well as to salt and caustic solutions. Monel 400 is a nickel-copper alloy with excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of media. Monel 400 is characterized by good general corrosion resistance, good weldability and moderate to high strength. The alloy has been used in a variety of applications. It has excellent resistance to rapidly flowing brackish water or seawater. It is particularly resistant to hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids when they are de-aerated. The alloy is slightly magnetic at room temperature. Monel 400 is widely used in the chemical, oil and marine industries.
There are multiple variations of Monel alloys, starting with Monel 400, which contains at least 63% nickel, between 29% and 34% copper, between 2% and 2.5% iron, and between 1.5% and 2% manganese. Monel 405 adds no more than 0.5% silicon, and Monel K-500 adds between 2.3% and 3.15% aluminum and between 0.35% and 0.85% titanium. These and other variations all are valued for their resistance to attack by acids and alkalis, as well as for their high mechanical strength and good ductility.
Monel 400 contains the same quantity of nickel and copper as is found in a naturally occurring nickel ore in Ontario, Canada. It has high strength and can be hardened only by cold working. Due to its resistance to deterioration, Monel 400 is most often used in parts found in marine and chemical environments.
While it is a very useful metal, it is cost-prohibitive in most applications. Monel 400 costs five to 10 times as much as ordinary nickel or copper. As a result, it is used rarely—and only when no other metal could do the same job. As an example, Monel 400 is one of the few alloys that maintains its strength in sub-zero temperatures, so it is used in those circumstances.The chemical composition of MONEL 400 alloy is given in the following table.
Element | Content (%) |
Nickel, Ni | Remainder |
Copper, Cu | 28-34 |
Iron, Fe | 2.5 max |
Manganese, Mn | 2 max |
Silicon, Si | 0.5 max |
Carbon, C | 0.3 max |
Sulphur, S | 0.024 |
The following table describes the properties of Monel 400. Relative to other similar metals, it unusually is strong and corrosion-resistant.
Property | Value (Metric) | Value (Imperial) |
Density | 8.80*103 kg/m3 | 549 lb/ft3 |
Modulus of Elasticity | 179 GPa | 26,000 ksi |
Thermal Expansion (20ºC) | 13.9*10-6º C-1 | 7.7*10-6 in/(in*ºF) |
Specific Heat Capacity | 427 J/(kg*K) | 0.102 BTU/(lb*ºF) |
Thermal Conductivity | 21.8 W/(m*K) | 151 BTU*in/(hr*ft2*ºF) |
Electric Resistivity | 54.7*10-8 Ohm*m | 54.7*10-6 Ohm*cm |
Tensile Strength (Annealed) | 550 MPa | 79,800 psi |
Yield Strength (Annealed) | 240 MPa | 34,800 psi |
Elongation | 48% | 48% |
Liquidus Temperature | 1,350º C | 2,460º F |
Solidus Temperature | 1,300º C | 2,370º F |
Alloy 400 can easily be welded by gas-tungsten arc, gas metal arc or shielded metal arc processes using appropriate filler metals. There is no need for post weld heat treatment, however, thorough cleaning after welding is critical for optimum corrosion resistance, otherwise there is the risk of contamination and embrittlement.
Finished fabrications can be produced to a wide range of mechanical properties when proper control of the amount of hot or cold working and the selection of appropriate thermal treatments is done.Like most other nickel alloys, Monel 400 is typically tough to machine and will work harden. However, excellent results can e obtained if you make the correct choices for tooling and machining.
Alloy 400 is virtually immune to chloride ion stress corrosion cracking in typical environments. Generally, its corrosion resistance is very good in reducing environments, but poor in oxidizing conditions. It is not useful in oxidizing acids, such as nitric acid and nitrous. Nevertheless, it is resistant to most alkalis, salts, waters, food products, organic substances and atmospheric conditions at normal and elevated temperatures.
This nickel alloy is attacked in sulfur-bearing gases above approximately 700° F and molten sulfur attacks the alloy at temperatures over approximately 500° F. Monel 400 offers about the same corrosion resistance as nickel but with higher maximum working pressures and temperatures and at a lower cost due to its superior ability to be machined.
Monel 400 is annealed at 870–980°C, cooling rate not critical. Grain growth is rapid in this alloy, so use the lower end of the temperature range and minimal time to retain good strength. Stress relief, if required, is at 540-570°C. Stress equalising cold worked material at 300°C markedly increases the proof stress, without affecting other properties.
Monel 400 is readily welded by GMAW (MIG), GTAW (TIG), SMAW (manual) and SAW processes. Preheat, post heat and post weld heat treatment are not required. The area around the weld must be clean to prevent contamination of the weld pool. Argon shielding gas is used.
Monel 400 is essential in heat exchangers, chemical plant equipment, and boiler feeders. It is ideal in wire or rod form and is excellent for trolling wire due to its resistance to seawater. Monel 400 provide superior quality for different types of mechanical, and general engineering applications. Its toughness lends itself to use in nuclear power plants, mining, cement, and the oil and gas industry. Industrial applications include:
Heat exchangers
Crude oil distillation towers
Propeller and pump shafts
Oil refinery crude columns
Pickling bat heating coils
Feedwater and steam generator tubing
Valves, pumps, fittings, and fasteners
Crude petroleum stills
Sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid alkylation plants
Deaerating heaters
Gasoline and freshwater tanks
Chemical and hydrocarbon processing equipment
Chlorinated solvents
Brine heaters and seawater scrubbers in tanker inert gas systems
Metal instruments
JN Alloy supplies Monel 400 in tube, pipe, sheet, plate, strip, round bar, fittings, flanges and wire forms, we also provide customized services to our customers. No matter what style of product you need, we will do our best to meet your needs. Its unique properties offer excellent advantages over other types of metal and make it a staple in chemical, marine, and many other applications.
The expert sales team at JN Alloy has years of experience and is committed to customer service and communication. We can supply material quickly and efficiently around the internationally. We are an ISO 9001:2015 company. Our services will meet or exceed the highest industry standards, and no one in the industry can match our level of commitment to customer satisfaction and product excellence. Contact us for more information or to discuss your Monel 400 needs.
